• 牛蒡ごぼう

  great burdock (Arctium lappa), gobo

• 菊牛蒡きくごぼう

  scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica), Spanish salsify, viper's grass

• 牛蒡薊ごぼうあざみ

  Cirsium dipsacolepis (perennial plant of the thistle family)

• 叩き牛蒡たたきごぼう

  burdock root seasoned with sesame

• 牛蒡積みごぼうづみ

  stone wall construction technique, with smallest stone surfaces facing outwards, burdock piling

• 金平牛蒡きんぴらごぼう

  kinpira gobō, braised burdock root, chopped burdock root (and sometimes carrot) cooked in sugar and soy sauce

• 洋種山牛蒡ようしゅやまごぼう

  American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)